TIPU SULTHAN (THE INDIAN TIGER)

Tipu Sultan

         Tipu Sultan, also known as Fateh Ali Khan Tipu (born 20 November 1750 - 4 May 1799), was an Indian ruler who ruled Mysore in the 18th century. Also known as the Mysore tiger. First son of Hyder Ali and Fakrunisa. After the death of Hyder Ali (1782) to his death (1799) Mysore was ruled. Tipu was a brilliant ruler and scholar. Tipu initiated a number of administrative reforms, including a new monetary system and land tax system. Mysore has made a lot of efforts to revive the silk industry. During the war against British imperialism, Tippu used a number of advanced war equipment.

After his father's death in 1782, Tipu became the ruler of a large empire bordering the Krishna River, the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Tippu was a ruler who specialized in five different languages ​​- Kannada, Hindustani, Persian, Arabic and French. He led the war against the British with the French army and achieved important victories throughout the Second Mysore War.

Tipu was expanding his empire by invading and conquering neighboring countries and making peace with the British. Tippu's methods of execution on those who were imprisoned were very cruel. Tippu tried to ally with his neighbors to fight the British. Tipu Sultan was a major enemy of the British East India Company. After the Second Mysore War, Tippu broke many agreements with the British. Tipu was killed in the Fourth Mysore War by the British and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Childhood Education

Tipu Sultan was born in Devanahalli in present day Kolar district. Tipu was born on November 20, 1750. The child was given the name Tipu Sultan, which resembles the name of Saint Tipu Mastan Oliya. His father, Hyder Ali, ruled Mysore at that time. When Tipu was 10 years old, Hyder Ali fled to Srirangapatnam. He left Tipu with his family and fled to another place for fear of an attack on him. When Haider recaptured Srirangapatna, he moved his family to safe Bangalore.

Haider was poorly educated, but focused on giving his son a good education. He trained Tipu with great teachers. Tipu was trained in horseback riding, sword fighting and other martial arts. In addition, the boy Tippu was interested in learning war tactics and expressing opinions with his father. When Haider invaded Malabar, Tipu, a boy, was there to help his father in the army. As a child, he had no interest in martial arts or administration.

The First Anglo-Mysore War

In 1758, the British East India Company decided to start trading in French occupied territories and approached the Nawab of Arcot for permission. But the Nawab rejected this demand by the British. The British, led by Robert Clive, approached Shah Alam II with a similar demand, and the Shah readily accepted their demand.

Hyder Ali had taught her son all kinds of martial arts. It had the help of Haider's friends, the French officers. As a teenager, Tipu started helping his father in the wars. When Tipu was 15 years old, the first Anglo-Mysore War broke out (1766). In this, Tippu fought with his father against the English. In 1767, Tipu was led by a large contingent of infantry into Karnataka. Hyder Ali isolated the British and formed an alliance with the Nizam. Haider sent Tipu Sultan with gifts for the Nizam. Nizam received Tipu in his palace just like a prince. On his return trip to Srirangapatna, Tipu asked his army to return to Madras, but he had to return immediately to help his father, who had lost the battle with the British. Tipu's next target was Lutyf Ali Beg, who had helped the British in 1767 in Mangalore. Tipu returned to Mangalore with three thousand infantry and a thousand cavalry. Tipu managed to capture the Mangalore Bazaar, but was unable to conquer the fort. The British were alarmed at the news that Haider would soon join the army. They left the Mangalore fort and prepared to escape. They had to give up their arms to the British army. Haider joined Tippu and the British could not hold on. Haider won the war that lasted until March 1769, and made a treaty with the British.

The Maratha-Mysore War

1769 Marathas invade Mysore. Haider instructed Tipu to expel the Maratha army from the land of Mysore. Tipu kept faith with his father. However, due to some confusion during the war, Haider attacked Tipu during the battle. The angry Tippu pulled out his sword and headband and swore that he would not wear it anymore. The Marathas defeated Haidar Ali in that battle. Haider's next mission was to rescue Srirangapatna from the Maratha army. The Maratha invasion of his country did not help Tippu. Tipu also went into battle. But Tipu's 6,000-strong cavalry could not withstand a sea-like Maratha army. Though Tipu% returned to Srirangapatna, he was able to inflict considerable damage on the enemy army.

The armed forces and supplies for the Marathas came from Pune. They had little opposition on that path. On the orders of Haider, Tipu, with the help of some 4,000 troops, seized supplies for the Marathas. This was a blow to the Maratha army. In 1772, Haider was ready to settle with the Marathas. After the death of the Maratha King Peshwa Madhava Rao in 1772, Haider decided to recapture parts of Mysore that they had taken from the Marathas, who had been left without a father, and entrusted Tipu to the task. In addition, Tippu helped his father in conquering wealthy areas like Bellary.

The Second Anglo-Mysore War

On July 20, 1780, Haider Ali commissioned his son, Karim, to conquer Porto Novo. He also planned to attack Arcot with Tipu. Knowing Haider's removal, Madras Governor General Bailey and Monroe were sent to defend Haider. Haider General Bailey, aware of the move, asked Tipu to conquer the army before joining Monroe. Tipu went to Guntur with an army of about 10,000. Tipu defeated Bailey's army in a battle on the banks of the Kortaliyar River.

To Tipu Malabar

There was no mention of Tippu marching to Malabar. The soldiers here were builders and dogs. The upper class and communal clashes boast that they and their rulers have re-enacted the primitive laws imposed upon the majority of the underprivileged for some time (16 years is a long time). Not that Tipu converted (that is a lie) or destroyed temples.

Prior to the Mysore invasion, Kerala was generally a heap of many small states. The hierarchy is another form of European feudalism. The whole area was divided into territories and territories. The native and the ruler of the country protected their possessions forever. He kept them private through the elite and the intrigues. He retained the soldiers on his own behalf. Strict customs and customs were prevalent in Kerala as in the past. Such elitism was maintained by its support and protection. Such rulers were spared even if they were defeated in the lands where perpetual wars were eternal. The rulers and the landlords should not be killed. In Malabar, it was easy for them to impose their hand on the lands and to rule the country. Therefore, the dominant mush of the rulers have always annoyed the Kerala public sphere. There was no barrier to nationalism, forging alliances with anyone, declaring war, collecting additional taxes and expressing social life delays. The lords like Kammal, Pillai and Nambiar retained their own Nair soldiers. This is why no king in Kerala could work without the Nair aristocracy and the refusal of the Brahminical priesthood. It was during this anarchy that the Mysore Sultan Haider Ali came to Malabar.

The Haider Sultan was convinced that the regimes that were merely trying to cut off the mutual greed would jeopardize the country's security. In Malabar there was a need for a unified and centralized system of governance. It was built by the Mysore Sultans. Malabar slowly moved towards the humility of a unified central administration, crushing all the norms of authoritarianism. Malabar grew up to be a land where the rule of the feudal rule was governed by laws. There was no kind of arrogance of the elite. Haider Ali divided Malabar into twelve districts (Tukri). Each Thukri was assigned a Thukridar. But the terrarium system, which was the basis of the Kerala village system at that time, maintained all its benefits. The Madambi class, having experienced the cold enjoyment of excessive authority, began to revolt. The British supported all these revolts. Under the supervision of Governor Madanna, the Sultan was able to overcome all kinds of piercings and reactionary actions with astonishing success. Regional mobilization and political consolidation were done by Marthanda Varma in Travancore and Paliyath Komiyachan in the form of Cochin. In Malabar, the Mysore Sultans performed the same task with lesser destruction and less time. Yet it was only Marthandan and Komiyachan who were known for their unification of the land. The Sultans are robbers and intolerant ..!

Kerala's position on agricultural relations and land ownership differed significantly from that of India in general. All our social interactions were arranged in a very distinct manner, intertwined with religion and morals. Land in India was generally owned by kings. The king never had any power in the land. Instead, land power was born entirely. Even the power to pay taxes. It was private property that they had inherited. This strange method of authority is recorded by Buchanan who visited India at the time. Seventy-five percent of the land of Kerala is owned by private landlords, the remainder being the private property of the kings and the temple deities. Both were tax-free at the time. The landlords did not want the tax already. Therefore, there was no division of land tax kings in Kerala at that time. So much for the landlords. Sheikh Zainuddin and Logan have recorded this accurately in their observations. This is where the sultans of Mysore laid their hands.

The Sultan put an end to such greedy landlords who, without any carcasses on the earth, were mercilessly exploiting a large share of the mere tenants and other tenants.The land was measured very accurately, and the landlords were taxed for agricultural crops and tax-exempt for tenants. Madanna, who was appointed by the Governor of Malabar in 1766, Madanna, the land tax system in Malabar was flawless and highly scientific. It was this form of tax that was later introduced by the English into the name of Yetwari in northern India. Writer Buchanan has observed that this tax system has made the life of the poor in Malabar more beautiful. It is to be remembered that such memories of the landlord's loss triggered the rebellion against Tipu in Malabar. The rebels got the support of the English administration.

There are several reforms that the sultans of Malabar have done against this. It was beneficial to the public and very reactionary to the exploiters. One of them is the land survey and the survey of land measured by Haider and Tipu in Malabar. Until then, this was a new phenomenon not common in Kerala. An elegant survey was conducted in Malabar under the supervision of the governor of Haider, Srinivasa Rao. The first land survey in Kerala. Since no scientific land use equipment was available at that time, the spore method was applied. The farmer was certain that the seed of the hour would be sown. The surveyed land was retained in the name of the landlord. Typically, the farmer would get the produce only after the lease of land and the government lifts. The ownership of the surveyed land was vested. The Sultan stipulated that the tax payable to the government should be paid out of the lease to the landlord. The real farmer was thus relieved of the burden of taxes. Along the way, the middlemen between the landlord and the farmer were thrown out. This system, dubbed the 'Huzur' tax, was later praised by even the worst enemies of Mysore. Even the term "kandam" has come into being. It is estimated that ten crops of fruit per tenacious seed. Five and a half of those are entirely for the farmer. The rest will be born. The landlord has to pay a half tax from this. In the fields, coconut and pepper were taxed. Soil benefits and how much flower is being cultivated were taken into account in the tax assessment. This was a time when the landlords were mercilessly collecting taxes even from the farmers who had been destroyed. The landlord would not have reduced his inheritance in the event of any agricultural loss. Tipu ordered them not to collect taxes on such occasions. Temple property is exempt from tax.

The Mysore Sultans made the administration of Malabar more efficient. Civil and military rule have been added to the perfection of governance and the laws of the country have been applied equally. With this, many feudal landlords in Malabar have continuously revolted against the rule. What they missed was the comforts they had enjoyed so far. Manjeri Athan Kurikal was one of the chief landlords of the riots. Athan Kurikal came to the riot when the Sultan's Revenue Officers discovered and took action against the unlawful possession of land and massive tax evasion by using his influence and influence over the community. The Sultan insisted on the rebellion of Kuris without regard to caste, creed or creed. Mysore convinced the Curriculum and the Sinhalese that the law applies to all.A quarter of a country's history is nothing. This time in human life is long. The reign of the Sultan of Malabar was only from 1766 to 1790. Of these, seven years since 1773, there has been no significant administration in Malabar. Just too many fierce war intensities. The golden age of Malabar in Mysore is only sixteen years. Nine years of Haiderzultan and seven years of his son. Mysore has never had a chance to relax and watch the local affairs. Mysore also maintained that the Nizam, the Marathas and the English had survived the adventures of even the oldest men, who were constantly being cast from the sidelines. There was nowhere to pay attention to administrative matters or to engage in peaceful welfare efforts. Surprisingly, the history and historians testify that the Sultan of Mysore has consistently expressed his concern for the welfare of the nation as he went through the thread of this conflict.

The remarkable development that the Mysore Sultans performed in Malabar's transport sector is amazing. The whole of Malabar was divided into smaller forms of power, which were in constant conflict with each other. The welfare of the country and the welfare of the people is not the issue for the rulers even today. They have other options. The only way out was the journey of Kerala. It was also broken by frequent river basins. Therefore, it was a time when Kerala relied solely on river potential for transport. Ibn Battuta, a traveler who lived in Kerala for a long time in the 14th century, describes the great tourist attractions of the time. It is only a matter of time before the goods are brought to the river mouths. Even in the 1800s, Buchanan wrote that Kerala's transport was the same. The Malabar Gazetteer of the Indies testifies that there was no wheeled carriage before Tipu. The Cochin State Manual records that in 1849, when fifty calves from Coimbatore arrived in Thrissur with vegetables, the inhabitants were left in a state of disarray. It is in this context that we must see the Mysore Sultans sacking the kingdoms of Malabar, the smallest province of their empire. Kozhikode, Thamarassery, Malappuram, Farooq, Chathamangalam, Nilambur, Kondotty, Areekode, Puthupady, Tirurangadi, Ezhimala, Chirakkal, Kottayam and Canaraisu to Palakkadu. All these roads, which have been constructed with great care and caution, are still known today as Tipu Sultan roads. You will see how much money and effort it takes to cut down such vast roads and plant fruit trees and shade trees on both sides of it. In the next hundred and fifty years, the English have not been able to complete the road in Malabar. Even in the aftermath of independent government.

In any country, it is in peacetime that Maramma jobs and development activities become active. But since 1784Until 1790, the sultans were in a state of conflict and war. In the meantime, such massive projects have been successfully completed. All the roads are arranged to reach Srirangapatnam, then to Farok. Tipu Sultan is a small town on the banks of the Chaliyar River, which was developed as the headquarters of the Malabar Province of Mysore. The Sultan himself named it Farooq Umar. Perhaps this is the purest Arabic name in the place names of Kerala. The wheels began to run down the Sultan's roads. In this case, the commercial advantages in Malabar became more and more unheard of. Thus, the Mysore period of Malabar became active with the flourishing trade and the towering towers. This is why James Mill even suggested that Tipu was the most powerful ruler among the kings of the East. Tipu, according to customary rituals, dealt with merchants who came to any province of his empire. It also ensured the availability of capital with loans and advance payments. The Sultan paid half the price of the horse if the horses coming to his land for trade were to die. This was a miracle back then. A miracle not found in other parts of India. Tipu had commissioned French engineers to develop the ports in Mangalore and Kannur. For this purpose, Sultan's correspondence with the French is available in the archives.

Tipu knew how the European movements were mobilizing the advantages of the Industrial Revolution, closely observing world movements. The Sultan declared the absolute monopoly of the nation on exports and trade. It was the British companies that went bankrupt. The announcement completely undermined their highly profitable trading system. This trade policy was not confined to Malabar. The land of Mysore was whole. The Sultan also liberated Malabar from the misery that foreign traders pledged to pay for their products and plunder the helplessness of the peasantry. With the withdrawal of the middlemen, the goods were sold to the farmers at a maximum price (Fort William Proceedings of the Foreign Secret Department 1779). Huge warehouses were built in many parts of the country and the wholesale trade centers were opened to the public. When the people did not arrive, Rajaram Sundar, who was in charge, sent a complaint to the king. Tippu's reply was remarkable. '' Don't mind the slowdown at the beginning. When people realize the benefits of this, people will jump. Wait diligently ”(Letters of the Sultan: Kirkpatrick XXI 3435).

The State Trading Corporation was a sophisticated project for the raising of capital for the development of trade and industry within the state. This system, which can be had for between Rs. 5 to Rs. This system, with a dividend of 50%, was rare even in Europe. Various letters have been found today that depict the most brilliant of the Tippu, Vani.“Don't sell the rice, pepper or sandalwood that we sent from Mangalore. Sales should only begin when the market is scarce. You have to keep track of the market ”(Kirkpatrick CLVI 187). It was written directly to the head of the trade organization who sent it to the Masjid. In Malabar, the Sultan tried to establish an extensive pearl fishery with Arabic support. Tipu's officer Moideen Ali Khan sent it to Sriranga town. Tipu's reply came immediately. Silver mines or ores may be found beneath the eaves. I will send experts to examine the soil and rock (Moffibul Hassan Khan: Tipusultan 383). The highlight of Tipu's rule was speed. That is why even the British Governor of that time privately observed that Tipu Sultan should study the rule.

Tipu was the only Indian ruler to be able to influence the changes of life in European countries with such a keen sense of humor. Had the son survived his father's life, India's history would have been different.

Haider's death and authority

Hyder Ali died on 7 Dec 1782. At the time of Haider's death, Tipu was leading an army against the British in Malabar. In a letter supposedly written by Tipu before Haider's death, he asks his son to compromise with the British. Moreover, the document also states that the French were not to be trusted. Shortly after his death, Haider asked his loyal servants to serve Tipu as you supported me. They decided not to reveal Haider's death until Tipu returned from Malabar. Tipu's ability depended on the task of a large empire. At the death of Haider, the exchequer at Srirangapatna was worth nearly Rs 3 crore, gold and diamonds. Similar was the case in Bedinur, but with Haider's death, the British took over the treasury. Likewise, Haider's command was one of the best troops in the country at that time. Tipu was waiting for a big responsibility.

In the time of Haider Ali, the English East India Company had taken the first step in imperialism development in India. By the time of Tipu Sultan, however, they had accelerated the development of the empire by the Napoleonic wars in Europe and the market interests created by the Industrial Revolution. Tipu's downfall was necessary for the East India Company to gain a foothold in South India and they blamed his fanaticism and his friendship with the French.

In Kerala

In 1746, when the Zamorin of Calicut invaded the princely state of Palakkad, the Mysore kingdom of Malabar became the basis for the help of the Mysore king of Palakkad. The Zamorin lost to the Mysore army and was forced to pay war costs of Rs 12,000. The internal quarrels between the rulers and the rulers of Kerala attracted Hyder Ali and then Tipu Sultan. Tippu fought mainly with the British and Pazhassi Raja. The princes of Kerala, who practiced traditional warfare, were incapable of opposing Tippu, who came to fight with French technology. Tipu Sultan, however, assisted Pazhassi Raja in the 1795 anti-British war by supplying 6000 troops. But when the kings of Malabar escaped to Travancore during Tipu's invasion of Kerala, MGS said that Pazhassi Raja had fought with Tipu Sultan. Historians like Narayan are watching.

Tipu Sultan was the first to introduce the land tax in Kerala. The Zamorin is thought to have demanded a tax from the Zamorin and committed suicide by not surrendering to Tipu. The Zamorinism ended with Tipu's war. However, it is said that the Zamorin's rule ended before the time of Haider Ali. The northern part of the Periyar Periyar occupied almost the entirety of Tippu. The main idol of the Guruvayur temple is believed to be attacked by Tipu. It is said that the main idol was hidden in the cellar and the idol was taken to Ambalappuzha.

It is also said that Tipu did not attack the King of Cochin who had surrendered before his father Hyder Ali. Tipu could not enter Travancore except a few northern cities. The army that landed on the shores of Periyar with the intention of attacking Travancore was devastated by the flooding that night and Tippu returned. It is believed that this was the artificial flood that broke the barrier that was inaugurated by the then minister of Rama Varma Raja of Travancore.

Expansion of travel lanes

The invasion of Tipu Sultan seems to have played a significant role in the development of the road to Kerala. Tipu Sultan has reconstructed the Sultan Bathery-Mysore road which has now been converted to National Highway 212. There is a suggestion that such a strategic path had not yet been built.

War tactics

Tipu Sultan was the first to use iron-clad rockets. It was with the help of his rocket regiment that he gained the upper hand in the Guntur (1780), Pollilur (1780), September (1792), (1797) and Srirangapatnam battles with the British. Former President of India APJ Tipu's rocket has been recorded at the Woolwich Rotunda Museum in Britain. Pakistan named their Tipu as a ballistic missile with a range of 4,000 km.

Death

Srirangapatnam Siege (1799) Tipu is killed in the siege of Srirangapatna which ended the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore.